Epidemiology of Ostertagia in the Northwestern USA

The two most significant environmental factors that influence the epidemiology of Ostertagia are temperature and moisture. These factors vary more in the west and northwest than in any other part of the USA because of extreme regional differences in climate, topography, and land use. Consequently, patterns of Ostertagia transmission and inhibition also vary widely from region to region and from year to year. Recent data require revisions of previously accepted concepts of northern/southern transmission and inhibition. In particular, the flaw of liberal extrapolation of information from one region to another has now been recognized. Inhibition may not occur along the coast of the Pacific Northwest. Although not completely delineated, the transition zone between northern and southern patterns of inhibition appears to be significantly wider and more variable than previously recognized; Oregon data suggest a possible indeterminate and variable band extending north of the 45th parallel and south of the 43rd parallel. Summer inhibition has now been documented in areas of Oregon and Montana. Other than the recent Oregon and Montana studies, data on this transition zone in the Rocky Mountain region and high plains are sparse to non-existent. In contrast to previously accepted doctrine, the fall rise in egg count generally exceeds the traditionally accepted spring rise in many areas. From the Pacific Northwest to the Midwest, year-round transmission patterns have been observed. The presence of geothermal ground water sources produces microclimates that favor larval survival in many areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)