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Related Concept Videos

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
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Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Rapid Synthesis and Screening of Chemically Activated Transcription Factors with GFP-based Reporters
09:22

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Published on: November 27, 2013

The transactivator proteins VP16 and GAL4 bind replication factor A

Z He1, B T Brinton, J Greenblatt

  • 1Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada.

Cell
|June 18, 1993
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcription factors like VP16, GAL4, and p53 directly bind to replication factor A (RPA), a key protein in DNA replication initiation. This interaction is crucial for activating DNA replication and may involve stabilizing DNA or recruiting polymerase alpha.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transcription factors play a role in initiating DNA replication.
  • Replication Factor A (RPA) is essential for DNA replication.
  • The interaction between transcription factors and RPA was previously unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct interaction between transcription factors and RPA.
  • To identify the specific binding sites and subunits involved.
  • To understand the functional implications of this interaction in DNA replication.

Main Methods:

  • Affinity chromatography was used to purify and identify binding partners.
  • Specific transcription factors (VP16, GAL4, p53) and their acidic activation domains were tested.
  • Mutational analysis of VP16 was performed to assess binding and functional consequences.

Main Results:

  • The acidic activation domains of VP16, GAL4, and p53 selectively bind to human and yeast RPA.
  • This binding is direct and occurs with the largest subunit, RPA-1.
  • Mutations affecting VP16's ability to activate DNA replication also impaired its binding to RPA.

Conclusions:

  • Transcription factors directly interact with RPA-1, a subunit of RPA.
  • This interaction likely contributes to stabilizing single-stranded DNA at replication origins.
  • Transcription factors may recruit DNA polymerase alpha to the replication initiation complex via RPA.