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Immunologic alterations in patients with sensorineural hearing disorders

D Mayot¹, M C Béné, K Dron

¹Clinique ORL B, CHRU Nancy-Brabois, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.

Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology

|July 1, 1993

Summary

This study reveals immune system abnormalities in both sudden and progressive hearing loss. Sudden deafness showed depleted lymphocytes, while both types exhibited anti-cochlear antibodies, suggesting autoimmune involvement.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Otolaryngology
Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

Autoimmune mechanisms are suspected in some hearing loss cases, with steroid therapy showing clinical efficacy.
Immune complexes, autoantibodies targeting the inner ear, and cellular effectors are implicated in autoimmune hearing loss.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate immune system differences in patients with sudden deafness versus progressive sensorineural hearing impairment.
To identify specific autoantibodies and lymphocyte profiles associated with different forms of hearing loss.

Main Methods:

Studied 57 individuals: 17 with sudden deafness (Group 1) and 40 with progressive sensorineural hearing impairment (Group 2).
Analyzed peripheral lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+) and autoantibodies (anti-nuclear, anti-thyroid, anti-cochlear, anti-cartilage).

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Main Results:

Group 1 (sudden deafness) showed severe depletion of CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocytes.
Both groups exhibited a decrease in CD8+ cells.
Anti-cochlear antibodies were prevalent in both groups (75% in Group 1, 71% in Group 2).
Group 2 (progressive impairment) frequently presented with anti-nuclear and anti-thyroid antibodies.

Conclusions:

Distinct immune disorders may underlie sudden versus progressive deafness.
Both sudden and progressive sensorineural hearing impairment involve immune system abnormalities.
The presence of anti-cochlear antibodies in both groups suggests a common autoimmune component in hearing loss.