Mechanics of bacterial macrofiber initiation

The twisting and writhing during growth of single-cell filaments of Bacillus subtilis which lead to macrofiber formation was studied in both left- and right-handed forms of strains FJ7 and RHX. Filament bending, touching, and loop formation (folding), followed by winding up into a double-strand fiber, were documented. Subsequent folds that produced multistrandedness were also examined. The rate of loop rotation during winding up was measured for 26 loops from 16 clones. In most cases, the first loop formed turned at a lower rate than those produced by the following cycles of folding. The sequence of folding topologies differed in FJ7 and RHX strains and in left- versus right-handed structures. Right-handed FJ7 routinely gave rise to four-stranded helices at the second fold, whereas left-handed FJ7 and both left-handed and right-handed forms of RHX made structures with predominantly two double-stranded helical regions. Left-handed RHX structures frequently produced second folds within the initial loop itself, resulting in T- or Y-shaped fibers. Sixteen cases in which the initial touch of a filament to itself produced a loop that snapped open before it could wind up into a double-strand fiber were found. The snap motions were used to obtain estimates of the forces generated by helical growth of single filaments and to investigate theoretical models involving the material properties of cell filaments. In general, the mechanical behavior of growing single-cell filaments and fibers consisting of two-, three-, or four-strand helices was similar to that described for larger, mature, multifilament macrofibers. The behavior of multicellular macrofibers can be understood, therefore, in terms of individual cell growth.