Experimental evidence for the binemic structure of human chromosomes

A binemic model of eukaryotyc chromosome was tested using PCR-amplification of some unique genes in individual sperm cells or in human DNA diluted to 1/2 of the DNA amount of a haploid cell. According to the model, all the hereditary information, including all the unique genes, is represented twice in the haploid genome. Backing up of information enhances reliability of the genome by several orders of magnitude. Hemoglobin G gene (HBG2) and parathyroid hormone gene (PTH) were studied. In the first experimental plot the DNA from one isolated spermatozoon was divided into 4 parts and G globin gene was attempted to be amplified in all 4 tubes. According to the binemic model the simultaneous positive reaction in a pair of tubes should occur in up to 75% of cases and the reaction in only one tube from the four should occur in the case of uninemy. In the second approach, human DNA was serially deluted to the 1/2 of the haploid genome per tube. After amplification, the number of tubes with positive signal were counted. According to the unineme model, 3.7 positive reactions from 10 were expected. According to the bineme model 6.3 positive reactions from 10 should be observed (as follows from Poisson distribution). The results obtained with both methods are in accordance with binemic model and are inconsistent with uninemy.