Mast cells in the cytokine network: the what, where from and what for

The basic understanding of mast cell ontogeny and function has been fundamentally changed in recent years with observations that the cells produce and respond to a broad range of cytokines. These rapidly accruing data and their potential significance were discussed at the recent symposium "Mast Cells in the Cytokine Network", and the overview lectures of most speakers are summarized in this special journal issue. In the present introductory manuscript, the organizers of the meeting discuss data fundamental to an understanding of the topic and highlight aspects of special interest. They consider mast cells to be defined most reliably by their unique ultrastructure since the cells are highly heterogeneous in dependence of the species studied, their tissue location, their stage of development and probably also in relation to cytokines. Most other characteristics of mast cells are shared with diverse other cell types. Murine mast cell development is induced by several cytokines. These factors are mostly ineffective in human cells except for stem cell factor which causes mast cell development from CD34+/c-kit+ progenitors. There is however recent evidence that fibroblasts and keratinocytes produce additional growth factors for human mast cells. Regarding cytokine secretion, most molecules known so far are produced by both murine and human mast cells. The cells furthermore bear receptors for several cytokines, enabling them to respond in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. Mast cells may thus function within a complex cytokine network, affecting physiological as well as immunological and inflammatory processes.