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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Calculating Safe Diameter for Wind-Exposed Disc01:17

Design Example: Calculating Safe Diameter for Wind-Exposed Disc

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Assessing safety in wind-exposed installations is crucial to preventing potential failures. This example explores the calculation and design adjustments needed to mount a circular disc on a building facade, where wind forces are a primary concern. A 4-meter diameter disc was initially designed as an aesthetic feature facing winds at a velocity of 25 meters per second, with an air density of 1.25 kilograms per cubic meter. Given these conditions, the drag force on the disc was determined using...
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Adhesion

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Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow...
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Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Deciphering Electrical Networks Behind Complex Brain Activities and Disorders
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Effect of squint surgery on pupillary diameter

C B James1, J S Elston

  • 1Oxford Eye Hospital, Radcliffe Infirmary.

The British Journal of Ophthalmology
|November 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary

Squint surgery causes significant pupil dilation in the operated eye. This mydriasis is thought to result from neurotransmitter release due to surgical tissue damage.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Strabismus, or squint, is a common condition affecting ocular alignment.
  • Surgical correction is a primary treatment for strabismus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the impact of squint surgery on pupillary diameter.
  • To investigate potential mechanisms behind observed pupillary changes.

Main Methods:

  • Pupillary diameter was measured in 19 patients undergoing squint surgery.
  • Measurements were compared between the operated and unoperated eyes.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant increase in pupillary diameter (mydriasis) was observed in the operated eye compared to the unoperated eye.
  • This mydriatic effect was consistent regardless of the surgical approach or number of muscles involved.

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Conclusions:

  • Squint surgery induces a measurable change in pupil size.
  • The observed mydriasis is hypothesized to be a neurogenic response to surgical trauma, involving neurotransmitter release.