D-enantiomers of 15-residue cecropin A-melittin hybrids

The all-D enantiomers of six 15-residue hybrids of cecropin A and melittin were synthesized. They contained the seven N-terminal residues of cecropin A, followed by eight residues from the N-terminal region of melittin. They were pure and of the correct composition and structure. The peptides were compared with their all-L enantiomers. The L and D isomer pairs were each exact mirror images by circular dichroism at several concentrations of hexafluoroisopropanol, and at 12 or 20% were highly helical. The L analogs were rapidly hydrolyzed by trypsin but the D analogs were very resistant, making them suitable candidates for orally active drugs. These 15-mers did not form ion channels in normal lipid bilayers made in decane, but those bilayers made in squalene were thinner and the peptides did form ion-conducting channels. The D/L pairs of peptides were very active antibiotics against five representative Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In each case the D and L isomers were essentially equally active within experimental error. This is interpreted to mean that the peptides do not act by tight interactions with chiral receptors, enzymes or lipids. The action of these peptides against these organisms is best explained by self-aggregation and the formation of ion-conducting pores across bacterial membranes.