Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 10, 2026

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
Published on: September 27, 2020
Anna's story: narratives of personal experience about being labeled learning disabled
1University of Northern Colorado, USA.
Abstract:
The narratives of personal experience of an adolescent named Anna provided insights into two issues: first, how well her discourse conformed to linguistic expectations for the types of narrative traditionally deemed acceptable in school, and second, the themes associated with the presentation of self that Anna and her peers addressed when talking about their personal experiences as students labeled learning disabled. By narrative, we mean the root metaphor for human sense-making that is described in the following epigraph by Bruner. We found that Anna's narrative differed from typical school-based expectations in that its structure was reminiscent of the oral tradition. From the group of students, we heard themes of isolation, undervaluing, and oppression. We recommend a more thoughtful and respectful approach to educational decision making that gives voice to students.
Related Concept Videos
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
Language and Cognition
Autism Spectrum Disorder
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Intellectual Disability
Learning Disabilities
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other

