Periventricular morphology in the diencephalon of antarctic notothenioid teleosts

We have examined the subependymal region of the diencephalic third ventricle in notothenioid perciforms and report a pattern of neuropil expansions that appears to be phyletically derived for notothenioids and their outgroups but that is otherwise unique among vertebrates. We recognize five types of expansions based on their composition (from less dense neuropil to sacs) and width or protrusion into the third ventricle. In the species with the most elaborate morphology, Trematomus bernacchii, bilateral subependymal expansions fuse along the midline to form a single sac within the ventricular cavity. The extent of these expansions loosely corresponds with phyletic position but also (and perhaps more importantly) is correlated with the habitation of cold water (r2 = 0.48; P = 0.012). Furthermore, subependymal expansion type is positively correlated with the maximum size of the soma of neurons in two hypothalamic nuclei, the preopticus magnocellularis (r2 = 0.54; P = 0.006) and the lateralis tuberis (r2 = 0.40; P = 0.038). These nuclei project to the pituitary and contain cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons. In considering the functional consequences of this morphology, we cannot dismiss the possibility that these structures form a specialized enteroceptive system tied to the monitoring of cerebrospinal and extracellular fluid components, including antifreeze glycopeptides and inorganic ions.