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Related Concept Videos

Instrumentation Amplifier01:25

Instrumentation Amplifier

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An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
To overcome this challenge, an ECG machine utilizes an instrumentation amplifier. This specialized amplifier is...
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Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments02:46

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Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...
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Instrument Transformers01:23

Instrument Transformers

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Instrument transformers, comprising voltage transformers (VTs) and current transformers (CTs), play crucial roles in power substations by providing isolated replicas of current or voltage for measurement and protection purposes. Voltage transformers reduce the primary voltage to levels suitable for relay operation and measurement, while current transformers scale down the primary current. The primary winding of a current transformer often consists of a single turn, achieved by threading the...
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Instrument Calibration01:12

Instrument Calibration

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Instrument calibration is essential for ensuring that instruments produce accurate and consistent results. It is vital in manufacturing, healthcare, testing laboratories, and scientific research. Calibration processes are specific to each instrument and help enhance data accuracy. Each instrument has a unique calibration process tailored to its design and function to improve data accuracy.
Analytical Balance Calibration
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Capillary Electrophoresis: Instrumentation01:20

Capillary Electrophoresis: Instrumentation

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Capillary electrophoresis instrumentation typically consists of several key components. A high-voltage power supply generates the electric field necessary for the separation by connecting to an anode (the positively charged electrode) and a cathode (the negatively charged electrode) located in buffer reservoirs at each end of the capillary tube. The system includes a sample vial, a fused silica capillary tube coated with polyimide for mechanical strength through which the sample components...
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Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Instrumentation01:25

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Instrumentation

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Fluorometers and spectrofluorometers are two types of instruments used for measuring molecular fluorescence. These instruments differ in how they select excitation and emission wavelengths and the type of light sources they utilize. Fluorometers use absorption interference filters to choose excitation and emission wavelengths. The excitation source in a fluorometer is typically a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp that emits intense lines distributed throughout the ultraviolet and visible regions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry
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Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry

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Instrument-dependent fluorochrome sensitivity in flow cytometric analyses

J T Chance1, S A Larsen, V Pope

  • 1Treponemal Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.

Cytometry
|September 15, 1995
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Different flow cytometers show significant variability in results due to instrument and fluorochrome-dependent limitations. This diminished fluorescence resolution may explain discrepancies in clinical data obtained from various labs.

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical diagnostics
  • Biotechnology
  • Analytical chemistry

Background:

  • Flow cytometry is crucial for clinical evaluations like CD4 counts and aneuploid analyses.
  • Concerns exist regarding variability in flow cytometry results due to diverse techniques, reagents, and instruments.
  • Studies show significant result differences when analyzing the same sample on different flow cytometers, with fluorochrome-dependent sensitivity also noted.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of instrument model and fluorochrome on flow cytometer performance.
  • To investigate the variability in fluorescence resolution across different flow cytometers.
  • To propose a cause for discrepancies in clinical flow cytometry data.

Main Methods:

  • Nine different flow cytometers were evaluated.
  • Molecules of Equivalent Soluble Fluorochrome (MESF) values were calculated.
  • Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) labeled microsphere standards from Flow Cytometry Standards Corporation (FCSC) were used.

Main Results:

  • Dramatic differences were observed in the ability of the nine flow cytometers to resolve microsphere standards.
  • The diminished resolution was found to be dependent on both the instrument model and the specific fluorochrome used.
  • Some cytometers exhibited significantly poorer resolution compared to others.

Conclusions:

  • Not all flow cytometers possess the same capabilities, with limitations in light scatter and fluorescence resolution.
  • Diminished fluorescence resolution, which is instrument and fluorochrome dependent, is proposed as a cause for significant variability in clinical values.
  • Standardization of flow cytometer performance is needed to ensure reliable clinical data across different laboratories.