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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...

Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates rest and digestion functions in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic division, promoting relaxation, conservation of energy, and digestion. The parasympathetic division consists of preganglionic fibers originating from specific cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and the sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4). These fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia, innervating various organs and...

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...

Nerve Supply of the GI Tract

Nerve Supply of the GI Tract

The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
The enteric nervous system consists of two major plexuses: the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus). These plexuses are located within the layers of the GI tract...

Gallbladder

Gallbladder

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that plays a crucial role in our digestive system. Measuring about 10 cm in length, it is comparable in size to a kiwi fruit and is located in a hollow area on the lower surface of the liver. The gallbladder's primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion.
The gallbladder's anatomy consists of three regions: the fundus, body, and neck. Extending from the neck, the cystic duct joins the common...

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Related Experiment Video

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Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

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VIP innervation of the gallbladder

F Sundler, J Alumets, R Håkanson

Gastroenterology

|June 1, 1977

Summary

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) nerves were found in the gallbladder walls of humans and other mammals. This discovery provides a structural basis for VIP's known physiological effects on gallbladder function.

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Neuroscience
Histology

Background:

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide found in the gut wall.
VIP has known inhibitory effects on gallbladder motility, including CCK-induced contractions.
The presence of VIP in the gallbladder wall was previously unconfirmed.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presence and distribution of VIP-containing nerves in the gallbladder wall.
To establish a morphological basis for VIP's physiological actions on the gallbladder.

Main Methods:

Immunohistochemistry was used to detect VIP.
Gallbladder tissues from various mammals, including humans, were examined.

Main Results:

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VIP was localized to nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies within the gallbladder wall.
VIP nerves were identified across multiple mammalian species.

Conclusions:

The gallbladder wall contains a VIPergic innervation.
This finding supports the physiological role of VIP in regulating gallbladder motility.