The atom assignment problem in automated de novo drug design. 4. Tests for site-directed fragment placement based on...

Three previous papers in this series have outlined an optimization method for atom assignment in drug design using fragment placement. In this paper the procedure is rigorously tested on a selection of five ligand-protein co-crystals. The algorithm is presented with the molecular graph of the ligand, and the electrostatic/hydrophobic potential of the site, with the aim of creating a placement on the molecular graph which is as electrostatically complementary or hydrophobically similar to the site as possible. Various designer options were tested, including, where appropriate, hydrogen bonding and a restricted number of halogens. In most cases, the placement obtained was at least as good as the native ligand, if not significantly better.