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Related Experiment Videos

Extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus escapes neutralization

Y Ichihashi1

  • 1Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Asahimachi, Japan.

Virology
|March 15, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Vaccinia virus produces two infectious forms: IMV and EEV. EEV, protected by a wrapping membrane, resists neutralizing antibodies, suggesting endosomal fusion for entry.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Vaccinia virus exists as intracellular mature virus (IMV) and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV).
  • EEV is enclosed in a Golgi-derived wrapping membrane, conferring distinct properties.
  • A mutant lacking EEV formation (vRB10) was used to differentiate IMV and EEV neutralization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential neutralization of vaccinia virus IMV and EEV by antibodies.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of EEV entry into host cells.
  • To determine the role of the EEV wrapping membrane in viral infection and antibody resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of vaccinia virus (IHD-J strain and vRB10 mutant) replication in the presence of neutralizing antibodies.
  • Assessment of EEV susceptibility to antibodies after treatments affecting the wrapping membrane.
  • Investigation of viral entry mechanisms by comparing responses to acid treatment and lysosomotropic agents for IMV and EEV.

Main Results:

  • The 2D5mAb specifically neutralized IMV, while EEV showed resistance to multiple neutralizing antibodies, including those targeting wrapping membrane proteins.
  • Damage to the EEV wrapping membrane rendered it susceptible to antibody neutralization, indicating the membrane's protective role.
  • EEV entry was sensitive to lysosomotropic agents and acid-accelerated, suggesting penetration via virus-endosome membrane fusion, unlike IMV.

Conclusions:

  • The EEV wrapping membrane provides significant resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization.
  • EEV likely enters cells through endocytosis followed by fusion with the endosomal membrane.
  • The combined presence of the wrapping membrane and endocytic internalization mechanism explains EEV's resistance to neutralizing antibodies.

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