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Longitudinal changes in smell identification

J A Ship1, J D Pearson, L J Cruise

  • 1University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, 48109-1078, USA.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
|March 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary
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Smell identification ability declines with age in both men and women. This longitudinal study confirms that olfactory function decreases progressively over time, even in healthy individuals.

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Aging Research
  • Neuroscience and Sensory Systems

Background:

  • Cross-sectional studies indicate age-related olfactory decline, potentially affecting older adults' safety and quality of life.
  • Lack of longitudinal studies on olfactory function changes over time in aging populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally assess the impact of age and gender on smell identification abilities.
  • To examine olfactory function changes over a 3-year period in healthy adults.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study involving 161 healthy males and females aged 19-95.
  • Administration of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (SIT) over 3 years.
  • Analysis using linear mixed-effects regression to account for age, gender, medical history, and medication use.

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Main Results:

  • Smell identification test (SIT) scores showed a progressive decline with increasing age over the 3-year study period.
  • Individuals in their eighth decade experienced a decline of over one SIT point annually.
  • Females consistently outperformed males in smell identification, irrespective of medical history or medication.

Conclusions:

  • Smell identification significantly deteriorates with advancing age, confirming and extending previous cross-sectional findings.
  • Age-related olfactory decline occurs even in the absence of significant medical issues.
  • Gender influences smell identification, with females generally exhibiting better performance.