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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care01:29

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care

The management of chronic pancreatitis is multifaceted, involving a comprehensive approach that includes thorough assessment, diagnostic testing, and a variety of management strategies.
Assessment:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Cholecystitis01:20

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with nonsmoking: a case-control study

E V Loftus1, W J Sandborn, W J Tremaine

  • 1Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Gastroenterology
|May 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Current smokers had significantly lower odds of developing primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). This suggests smoking may offer systemic protection against PSC, independent of ulcerative colitis.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Hepatology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Ulcerative colitis (UC) development is inversely associated with cigarette smoking.
  • The association between smoking and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a related disease, is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between smoking and PSC.
  • To determine if smoking's effect on PSC mirrors its effect on UC.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study involving 184 PSC patients and matched controls.
  • Smoking status was assessed via medical questionnaires.

Main Results:

  • Only 4.9% of PSC patients were current smokers versus 26.1% of controls.
  • Current smokers had 87% lower odds of having PSC (OR=0.13).
  • Any tobacco use was associated with reduced PSC odds (OR=0.41).

Conclusions:

  • Smoking is significantly associated with decreased odds of PSC.
  • The protective effect of smoking on PSC is not solely explained by co-existing UC.
  • Smoking may confer systemic protection against PSC.