CO2 and Nd:YAG laser-induced pulmonary parenchymal lung injury in a rabbit model

Laser exposure of the pulmonary parenchyma during treatment of emphysema and other clinical indications causes acute lung injury. Animal investigations are needed to understand and control laser-induced lung injury. We hypothesized that lung injury is deeper from Nd:YAG laser exposures than CO2 exposures because of deeper penetration of Nd:YAG wavelength light. We compared the temporal evolution of histologic injury in rabbits resulting from continuous mode shallow CO2 and Nd:YAG laser pulmonary parenchymal exposures applied in rabbits. Forty-six New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits underwent treatment with CO2 laser (n=18), Nd:YAG laser (n=18), or sham thoracotomy control (n=10) to the visceral pleural surface using 1 min of exposure (5 watts, defocused to 70 W/cm2 power density for both lasers). Animals were killed at 0, 4, 7, 21, and 49 d after exposure. Lung injury, similar to that seen clinically in humans, developed in all laser-treated animals. Injury progressed from ischemia and vascular congestion, to edema and necrosis, followed by pleural and parenchymal fibrosis. The acute injury was qualitatively distinct and slightly deeper in CO2 than Nd:YAG-treated animals (p<0.02) despite the shallower depth of penetration of the CO2 laser. These findings may imply that higher absorption coefficient for CO2 laser energy results in greater focal temperatures and injury in the areas of direct exposure, and suggest that Nd:YAG laser exposure at these settings may cause shallower injury than CO2 lasers in humans undergoing clinical treatment.