Cerebral perfusion and hypothermic circulatory arrest

Since DeBakey's replacement of an aortic arch aneurysm using cardiopulmonary bypass and individual perfusion of the brachiocephalic and carotid arteries, selective cerebral perfusion has been used as an effective method of cerebral protection. Although interest in this technique waned with the evolution of hypothermic circulatory arrest, complications arising from long and challenging aortic procedures have led to a renewed interest in perfusion of the cerebral circulation. During aortic arch surgery, antegrade and retrograde cerebral perfusion techniques have been used in an effort to prolong the "safe" duration during which conventional cardiopulmonary bypass flow to the brain is interrupted. Although the degree to which retrograde cerebral flow is able to perfuse cerebral tissue remains controversial, its use may afford protection through other mechanisms as well. This paper will review techniques, benefits, and limitations of antegrade and retrograde cerebral perfusion and their role in conjunction with hypothermic systemic circulatory arrest.