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Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, alcohol, and coronary mortality in male smokers
Objective:
To determine whether the increase in mortality from coronary heart disease with high concentration (> 1.75 mmol/l) of high density lipoprotein cholesterol could be due to alcohol intake.
Design:
Cohort study.
Setting:
Placebo group of the alpha tocopherol, beta carotene cancer prevention (ATBC) study of south western population in Finland.
Participants:
7052 male smokers aged 50-69 years enrolled to the ATBC study in the 1980s.
Main Outcome Measures:
The relative and absolute rates adjusted for risk factors for clinically or pathologically verified deaths from coronary heart disease for different concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol with and without stratification for alcohol intake. Similar rates were also calculated for different alcohol consumption groups.
Results:
During the average follow up period of 6.7 years 258 men died from verified coronary heart disease. Coronary death rate steadily decreased with increasing concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol until a high concentration. An increase in the rate was observed above 1.75 mmol/l. This increase occurred among those who reported alcohol intake. Mortality was associated with alcohol intake in a J shaped dose response, and those who reported consuming more than five drinks a day (heavy drinkers) had the highest death rate. Mortality was higher in heavy drinkers than in non-drinkers or light or moderate drinkers in all high density lipoprotein categories from 0.91 mmol/l upward.
Conclusions:
Mortality from coronary heart disease increases at concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol over 1.75 mmol/l. The mortality was highest among heavy drinkers, but an increase was found among light drinkers also.