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Pyuria among chronically incontinent but otherwise asymptomatic nursing home residents
J G Ouslander1, M Schapira, J F Schnelle
1UCLA Borun Center for Gerontologic Research, Multicampus Program of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Objective:
To determine the prevalence of pyuria and its relationship to bacteriuria in a representative sample of chronically incontinent nursing home residents.
Design:
Prospective, descriptive case series.
Setting:
Six nursing homes.
Participants:
Two hundred fourteen chronically incontinent, but otherwise asymptomatic, nursing home residents who were enrolled in a clinical intervention trial for urinary incontinence.
Measures:
Two hundred fourteen urine specimens were collected by a validated clean catch technique. Each specimen underwent dipstick testing for leukocyte esterase, microscopic urinalysis to determine the number of white blood cells per high power field of centrifuged urine, and quantitative urine culture using standard laboratory techniques.
Results:
The overall prevalence of pyuria was 45%, as defined by > 10 white blood cells per high field of spun urine, and the overall prevalence of bacteriuria was 43%, as defined by the growth of > 100,000 colony forming units of a urinary pathogen. Fifty-nine percent of the specimens with bacteriuria and 34% of the specimens without bacteriuria had pyuria. Of specimens with pyuria, 56% had bacteriuria, and of specimens without pyuria, 31% had bacteriuria. When any colon change on the leukocyte esterase pad was considered positive, this finding had a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 52% for pyuria on microscopic urinalysis.
Conclusions:
Pyuria is common among chronically incontinent nursing home residents, both in the presence and absence of bacteriuria. Clinicians must therefore be cautious in interpreting the presence of pyuria to indicate symptomatic infection in this population. Using pyuria to determine the need for antimicrobial treatment could result in unnecessary expense and morbidity as well as contribute to the development of resistant organisms in nursing homes. Research is needed to define pyuria better, to determine its prevalence and relationship to bacteriuria among nursing home residents with symptoms of acute urinary tract infection, and to elucidate the etiology and significance of sterile pyuria in this population.