Major salivary gland dysfunction in human acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

Salivary gland dysfunction is frequently observed in patients suffering from acute (a) and chronic (c) GVHD. We studied the influence of GVHD on the function of major salivary glands in 20 patients with GVHD (cGVHD, 15; aGVHD, 5). A subjective evaluation of salivary function was performed, in which the score ranged from 0-4 where a higher score indicated more oral dryness. Patients with aGVHD scored 4.0 while patients with cGVHD scored 2.1 (P < 0.01). In addition to this subjective evaluation, patient's salivary flow rates were measured and a reduction of 90% and 60% in aGVHD and cGVHD patients respectively, was observed as compared to controls (P < 0.01; P < 0.05). No hyposalivation was observed in patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation but did not develop GVHD as compared to normal individuals. A direct correlation was observed between the degree of hyposalivation and the severity of the GVHD. Hyposalivation was also documented by scintigraphy of the major salivary glands in the GVHD patients. Furthermore, hyposalivation was associated with extensive mucosal atrophy, erythema, tongue surface depapillation, lichenoid lesions of the buccal and labial mucosa as well as lupus-like lesions. Routine assessment of these glands in patients with GVHD could play a role in monitoring response to therapy.