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Cigarette smoking and semen quality

M F Vine1, C K Tse, P Hu

  • 1The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599-7400, USA.

Fertility and Sterility
|April 1, 1996
PubMed
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Smoking negatively impacts male reproductive health. Higher cotinine levels, a marker of smoking exposure, correlate with reduced semen quality, including sperm density, count, and motility, especially in men aged 22 and older.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health
  • Andrology

Background:

  • Smoking is a known risk factor for various health issues, including potential adverse effects on male fertility.
  • Assessing smoking's impact on semen quality requires reliable biomarkers beyond self-reported smoking habits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the strength of association between cotinine levels and semen quality versus traditional smoking metrics (cigarettes per day, years smoked).
  • To investigate cotinine levels as a more precise indicator of smoking's detrimental effects on male reproductive parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving 88 male volunteers (ages 18-35) at a fertility laboratory.
  • Collection of semen, urine, and blood specimens for cotinine analysis (RIA).

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  • Standard semen analysis performed, with data analyzed using regression models controlling for confounders.

    • Main Results:

    • Negative associations were observed between smoking metrics (cigarettes/day, years smoked, cotinine levels) and semen quality (density, total count, motility).
    • The association between smoking and reduced semen quality was more pronounced in men aged 22 years and older.
    • Log-transformed urine cotinine showed a significant negative correlation with sperm density (-0.39) in men aged 22+.

    Conclusions:

    • Smoking is definitively linked to diminished semen quality in men.
    • Cotinine levels serve as a robust biomarker, providing stronger evidence of smoking's negative impact on fertility than self-reported smoking data alone.