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Working memory: activation limitations on retrieval

J R Anderson1, L M Reder, C Lebiere

  • 1Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.ja@cmu.edu

Cognitive Psychology
|June 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary
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Cognitive load impacts memory retrieval. Increasing the complexity of either equation solving or digit span recall impairs performance in both tasks, suggesting working memory limitations affect memory recall accuracy.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Human Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Working memory is crucial for complex cognitive tasks.
  • Understanding how working memory load affects memory retrieval is essential for cognitive theories.
  • Previous research indicates task complexity can lead to performance decrements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of dual-task complexity on working memory performance.
  • To examine how manipulating digit span and equation complexity affects recall and problem-solving.
  • To test the ACT-R theory's predictions regarding working memory load and retrieval.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted involving digit span recall concurrent with equation solving.
  • Independent variables included digit span size, equation complexity, and item substitution.

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  • Performance was measured by accuracy and latency for both tasks.

    • Main Results:

    • Increased complexity in either task led to performance decrements in both tasks.
    • The majority of errors observed were misretrievals, not complete failures to recall.
    • Performance decrements were consistent with a limited working memory capacity model.

    Conclusions:

    • Working memory load significantly impacts the retrieval of information from memory.
    • The ACT-R theory, with its concept of limited source activation, effectively explains the observed results.
    • Partial matching processes in ACT-R may account for misretrievals of associatively related information.