Oncogenic Raf-1 activates p70 S6 kinase via a mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent pathway

Cell proliferation requires the co-ordinate triggering of several protein kinases of Ser/Thr specificity such as p70 S6 kinase (S6K), which phosphorylates the ribosomal S6 protein and thus increases translation of mRNAs with polypyrimidine tracts. The multiplicity of signaling pathways leading to p70 S6K activation are not fully elucidated. However, several reports have indicated that the activation of p70 S6K is independent of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. Interestingly, we and others have shown that constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway promotes cell proliferation, suggesting that this cascade is able to activate p70 S6K, a key step to trigger cell cycle entry. In this report we demonstrate that transfection of constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 in CCL 39 cells leads to activation of p70 S6K. Furthermore, we have established a cell line that stably expresses DeltaRaf-1:ER, an estradiol-regulated form of oncogenic Raf-1. The addition of estradiol to these cells was sufficient to elicit rapid activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1, MAPK, and p70 S6K. Surprisingly, the activation of p70 S6K is not mediated by MAPK because blocking MAPK activation by expression of the phosphatase MKP-1 did not prevent p70 S6K activation by DeltaRaf-1:ER. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that activation of p70 S6K by DeltaRaf-1:ER is mediated by a new MAPK-independent pathway. This pathway is resistant to low nanomolar concentrations of wortmannin, indicating that it does not involve membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol-trisphosphate kinase activation.