Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Reason and Intuition

Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the brain can only use...

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...

Decision Making: P-value Method

Decision Making: P-value Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses: a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can have a...

Decision Making: Traditional Method

Decision Making: Traditional Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...

Decision Making

Decision Making

Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect

The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The birthday problem: repeated sampling of animal populations and ethics of experimental design.

Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience·2024

Same author

In vitro human skin absorption of linalool: Effects of vehicle composition, evaporation and occlusion on permeation and distribution.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2022

Same author

The contact structure of Great Britain's salmon and trout aquaculture industry.

Epidemics·2019

Same author

Identifying genotype specific elevated-risk areas and associated herd risk factors for bovine tuberculosis spread in British cattle.

Epidemics·2018

Same author

Heterogeneous responses of temperate-zone amphibian populations to climate change complicates conservation planning.

Scientific reports·2017

Same author

Male infertility in long-term survivors of pediatric cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study.

Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice·2014

Same journal

Response organization in selective adaptation to speech sounds.

Perception & psychophysics·2014

Same journal

Reaction times to comparisons within and across phonetic categories.

Perception & psychophysics·2012

Same journal

Auditory and phonetic memory codes in the discrimination of consonants and vowels.

Perception & psychophysics·2012

Same journal

Simple and contingent adaptation effects for place of articulation in stop consonants.

Perception & psychophysics·2012

Same journal

Auditory property detectors and processing place features in stop consonants.

Perception & psychophysics·2012

Same journal

Visual working memory for line orientations and face identities.

Perception & psychophysics·2008

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

The optimum decision rules in the same-different paradigm

H Dai¹, N J Versfeld, D M Green

¹University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.

Perception & Psychophysics

|January 1, 1996

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study derives the optimum decision statistic for same-different tasks, finding it depends on observation correlation. The derived rule matches previous rules in extreme correlation cases.

More Related Videos

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Decision Science
Signal Detection Theory

Background:

The same-different paradigm is a fundamental task in perceptual and cognitive psychology.
Understanding decision-making processes under uncertainty is crucial for modeling human performance.
Previous studies have proposed various decision rules for same-different tasks, but an optimal statistic was lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To derive the optimum (likelihood-ratio) decision statistic for the same-different paradigm.
To analyze the decision statistic's dependence on the correlation between observations.
To compare the derived optimum rule with previously suggested rules in specific correlation scenarios.

Main Methods:

Derivation of the likelihood-ratio decision statistic.
Mathematical analysis of the decision statistic under varying degrees of correlation.
Calculation of receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for independent and highly correlated observations.
Proposal of an experimental procedure to assess observer decision rules.

Main Results:

The optimum decision statistic is derived and shown to be a likelihood ratio.
The likelihood ratio is directly dependent on the correlation between the two observations.
In cases of independent or highly correlated observations, the derived optimum rule converges with two previously proposed decision rules.
Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for these extreme cases.

Conclusions:

The derived likelihood-ratio decision statistic provides a unified framework for the same-different paradigm.
The findings clarify the relationship between observation correlation and optimal decision-making.
The proposed experimental procedure offers a method to investigate how human observers actually make decisions in these tasks.