Strategies for control of micronutrient malnutrition

Micronutrient malnutrition, particularly vitamin A deficiency (VAD), iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), poses a serious threat to the health of vulnerable segments of population. Dietary Inadequacy is the primary cause of VAD and IDA, while poor iodine content of soil and water due to environmental iodine deficiency is the main determinant of IDD. Three major intervention strategies are available for the control of micronutrient malnutrition: supplementation of the specific micronutrients; fortification of foods with micronutrients; and horticulture intervention to increase production and nutrition education to ensure regular consumption of micronutrient rich foods. In India currently the national nutrition programmes being implemented for preventing these deficiencies are based on short term supplementation like periodic mega dosing of vitamin A, distribution of iron and folic acid tablets, and salt iodisation. Though these have been in operation for over two decades, there has been no perceptible biological impact on the prevalence of micronutrient malnutrition. Among the constraints, the most important are: lack of coordination, shortage of resources and manpower, inadequate and irregular supplies, lack of proper orientation and training to the functionaries, poor monitoring and supervision and absence of nutrition education. Integrated and multi-sectoral approaches are required to achieve the goals set under the National Nutrition Policy. These should include community-friendly nutrition education to increase awareness and motivation; active people's participation; food fortification; nutrient supplementation; nutrition oriented horticulture programmes; orientation of functionaries, and establishment of integrated micronutrient surveillance. Concerted and focussed efforts are needed to combat micronutrient malnutrition by the 2000 AD.