Diminished mammary gland lymphocyte functions parallel shifts in trafficking patterns during the postpartum period

Once activated, lymphocytes can regulate both specific and nonspecific immune responses. Alterations in lymphocyte function may increase the host's vulnerability to bacterial infections such as mastitis. Susceptibility to mastitis as well as diminished leukocyte functional capabilities have been shown to be influenced by lactational stage. Therefore, the present study characterized the phenotypes and functions of several bovine lymphoid populations at two points in the lactational cycle. Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood, supramammary lymph nodes, and mammary parenchyma of mid-lactating and postpartum dairy cows. The phenotypic composition, proliferative ability, cytokine secretion, and cytotoxic activity of isolated leukocytes were assessed with respect to lactational stage and tissue source. Lower percentages of T lymphocytes were consistent with diminished mitogen-stimulated proliferation and spontaneous cytotoxic activity by lymphocytes isolated from postpartum compared with mid-lactating animals. Stimulation with interleukin-2 did not enhance the cytotoxic activity or proliferative ability of lymphocytes isolated postpartum to similar levels observed for those isolated from mid-lactating animals. These data indicate that certain diminished lymphocyte functions observed during the postpartum period may result from shifts in leukocyte trafficking patterns.