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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

960
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

18.0K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

717
The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
717
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

28.2K
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

79.2K
Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

17.4K
Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets
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Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets

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RNA hydration: a detailed look

M Egli1, S Portmann, N Usman

  • 1Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008, USA.

Biochemistry
|July 2, 1996
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals the highest resolution crystal structure of an all-RNA duplex, detailing ordered water molecules in its grooves. These findings highlight the crucial role of ribose 2'-hydroxyl groups in RNA

Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biophysics

Background:

  • RNA duplexes play critical roles in biological processes.
  • Understanding RNA structure-stability relationships is essential for molecular biology.
  • Previous high-resolution structures of RNA are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the highest resolution crystal structure of an all-RNA duplex.
  • To analyze the ordered hydration patterns around the RNA duplex.
  • To elucidate the role of 2 -hydroxyl groups in RNA thermodynamic stabilization.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography
  • Synchrotron diffraction
  • Structure refinement to 1.46 A resolution

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Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

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Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of the RNA duplex [r(CCCCGGGG)]2 was refined to 1.46 A resolution.
  • Ordered water molecules form conserved patterns in both the major and minor grooves.
  • Tandem water molecules link 2 -hydroxyl groups in the minor groove.

Conclusions:

  • The 2 -hydroxyl groups are crucial for the thermodynamic stability of RNA duplexes.
  • These groups contribute to RNA stability by scaffolding water networks and through individual hydration.
  • The findings provide insights into RNA-DNA thermodynamic differences.