Related Experiment Videos
Are there gender differences related to stress or pharmacological echocardiography?
1Mid-America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Insights
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death. While once thought to be less severe in women, CAD significantly impacts female mortality, especially after menopause, necessitating better diagnostic tools.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Women's Health
- Diagnostic Imaging
Background:
- Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of adult mortality in the US.
- Historically, chest pain in women was perceived as having a better prognosis than in men.
- Recent data show CAD manifests later in women, often with prevalent risk factors, and contributes significantly to female mortality post-menopause.
Purpose of the Study:
- To address the need for a reliable diagnostic method for evaluating women with known or suspected CAD.
- To highlight the limitations of existing diagnostic tests (stress ECG, perfusion imaging, radioventriculography) in women.
- To discuss the rationale and performance of stress echocardiography as a promising diagnostic tool for this population.
Main Methods:
- Review and discussion of the rationale for using stress echocardiography.
- Analysis of the performance of stress echocardiography, particularly in female patients.
- Comparison with existing diagnostic modalities for coronary artery disease.
Main Results:
- Existing diagnostic methods have limitations, especially for women.
- Stress echocardiography shows promise as a diagnostic test for women with CAD.
- Limited clinical investigations exist for stress echocardiography in females, but potential is high.
Conclusions:
- The perception of chest pain being more benign in women is being replaced by the understanding of CAD's significant impact.
- Stress echocardiography is proposed as the diagnostic test of choice for women with suspected or known CAD.
- Further clinical investigation into stress echocardiography for women is warranted.
Abstract:
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of adult mortality in the United States. Data collected from the era preceding contemporary revascularization techniques indicated that chest pain syndromes among women carried a more favorable cardiac prognosis than such symptoms in men. More recent information indicates that many women with chest pain do not have CAD and that, among those who do, clinical manifestations first appear an average of 10 years later than in men, at a time when risk factors and comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia are more prevalent. The toll that this disease exacts among women catches up with that among men after women go through menopause, so that coronary heart disease accounts for nearly equal annual mortality rates in the two genders and for more deaths among women than is attributable to all cancers. The initial, widely held impression that chest pain is more benign in women is being replaced by a growing awareness that coronary disease is not. It appears from published experience that any potential bias in the management of women with possible CAD is overcome once the diagnosis is established. It is clear that a reliable method for the evaluation of women with known or suspected CAD is required. Stress electrocardiography, perfusion imaging, and radioventriculography suffer from a number of limitations, particularly in women. This paper discusses the rationale for and performance of stress echocardiography. Although the specific application of this method in females has been the subject of relatively limited clinical investigations, we believe that it holds great promise as the diagnostic test of choice for women.