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Rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as acute leukemia

S Morandi1, A Manna, E Sabattini

  • 1Section of Hematology and BMT Center Cremona General Hospital, Cremona, Italy.

Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
|August 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare cancer, can mimic acute leukemia with extensive bone marrow involvement. This case highlights the importance of considering rhabdomyosarcoma in patients with unexplained leukemic presentations.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Hematology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor derived from cells with skeletal muscle differentiation.
  • Bone marrow metastasis is a known complication of rhabdomyosarcoma, but typically presents as focal lesions.

Observation:

  • An 18-year-old woman presented with clinical and hematological findings suggestive of acute leukemia.
  • Bone marrow biopsy revealed diffuse infiltration by undifferentiated blasts.
  • Immunohistochemistry confirmed the blasts were of striated muscle origin, identifying the malignancy as rhabdomyosarcoma.

Findings:

  • The patient's presentation was characterized by extensive bone marrow involvement mimicking leukemic spread.
  • This represents an extremely rare clinical manifestation of rhabdomyosarcoma.

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Implications:

  • This case underscores the necessity of including rhabdomyosarcoma in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with a leukemic picture.
  • Atypical blasts lacking hematopoietic markers should prompt investigation for non-hematopoietic malignancies like rhabdomyosarcoma.