Palliative endoscopic therapy of rectal carcinoma

Curative surgery is not feasible in a considerable proportion of patients with rectal cancer because of extensive local spread or metastatic disease. However, most of these patients require palliative treatment to improve the symptoms of the disease, e.g. obstruction, pain and haemorrhage. Palliative surgery may be associated with a morbidity of 20-40% and a mortality of more than 10%. Endoscopic procedures can provide effective palliation with less complications. Before the development of lasers, endoscopic electrocoagulation and cryosurgery were used with some success. Currently, endoscopic Nd:YAG photocoagulation must be considered the treatment of choice in non-resectable rectal cancer. Laser therapy allows effective palliation in 85-95% of the patients, and generally, treatment-related complications occur in less than 10% of the patients and mortality is negligible. Transanal endoscopic resection may be effective in selected patients. New approaches to endoscopic palliation include photodynamic therapy (PDT) and implantation of self-expanding metal stents.