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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
Several...
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
11:28

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Published on: June 18, 2012

Decrease in sensitisation rate and intestinal anaphylactic response after nitric oxide synthase inhibition in a food

M J Fargeas1, V Theodorou, B Weirich

  • 1Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse, France.

Gut
|April 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in food hypersensitivities. Inhibiting inducible NO synthase (iNOS) during sensitization reduces antibodies, while inhibiting constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) before challenge blocks intestinal reactions.

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
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Published on: June 18, 2012

Novel Whole-tissue Quantitative Assay of Nitric Oxide Levels in Drosophila Neuroinflammatory Response
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07:19

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Published on: July 29, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in gut inflammation and immunoglobulin production.
  • Its specific role in food hypersensitivities remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of NO in food hypersensitivity.
  • To evaluate the effects of inhibiting constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) on sensitization and intestinal anaphylaxis.

Main Methods:

  • Guinea pigs sensitized to cow's milk proteins were treated with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or amino-guanidine.
  • Treatments were administered during sensitization or before antigen challenge.
  • L-NAME inhibits both cNOS and iNOS, while amino-guanidine selectively inhibits iNOS.

Main Results:

  • Chronic treatment with L-NAME or amino-guanidine decreased antibody titers and secretory responses to antigen challenge.
  • L-NAME, when administered before challenge, antagonized antigen-induced hypersecretion.
  • Amino-guanidine did not block this hypersecretion.

Conclusions:

  • NO produced by iNOS contributes to the sensitization process by influencing antibody production.
  • NO mediated by cNOS is a critical factor in the development of intestinal anaphylactic responses.