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Ontogenic changes in the nutritive function of the placenta

H Schneider1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bern, Switzerland.

Placenta
|January 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

During late pregnancy, the placenta adapts to supply demands through remodeling and functional changes. However, impaired placental growth can lead to insufficient compensation and fetal growth restriction.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Pregnancy involves a dynamic shift in nutrient and oxygen supply and demand between mother, placenta, and fetus.
  • The placenta undergoes significant remodeling and adaptation to meet fetal growth requirements, especially in the second half of gestation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the placental adaptations and compensatory mechanisms during normal and impaired fetal growth in late pregnancy.
  • To understand the physiological basis of fetal growth restriction in relation to placental function.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of placental morphological and functional adaptations.
  • Assessment of changes in uterine and umbilical blood flow.
  • Evaluation of transplacental substrate gradients and distribution.

Main Results:

  • Placental remodeling includes increased blood flow, villous surface area, and reduced diffusion distance.
  • Maternal-fetal substrate gradients and supply redistribution enhance nutrient flux to the fetus.
  • In cases of impaired placental growth, compensatory mechanisms are initiated earlier and are more pronounced but ultimately insufficient, leading to fetal growth restriction.

Conclusions:

  • Placental remodeling and functional adaptations are crucial for supporting fetal growth in late pregnancy.
  • While the placenta exhibits compensatory mechanisms for impaired growth, these are often insufficient to prevent fetal growth restriction.
  • Understanding these physiological adjustments is key to addressing fetal growth challenges.

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