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Air pollutants and respiratory hypersensitivity

J L Devalia¹, C Rusznak, J Wang

¹Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.

Toxicology Letters

|August 1, 1996

Summary

Air pollution, including ozone and nitrogen dioxide, worsens allergic airway diseases like asthma. These pollutants increase airway sensitivity to allergens, with effects peaking 24 hours after exposure.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Pulmonology
Allergy and Immunology

Background:

Epidemiological studies link liquid petroleum pollutants to allergic airway disease exacerbation.
Key pollutants include nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and PM10.
Pollution effects on respiratory health are often delayed by 1-2 days.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of specific air pollutants on airway responsiveness in asthmatic individuals.
To understand the temporal relationship between pollutant exposure and increased airway responsiveness.
To explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.

Main Methods:

Review of epidemiological and laboratory-based studies on air pollution and respiratory health.

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Analysis of studies involving asthmatic individuals exposed to ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.

Investigation of cellular responses, including epithelial cell perturbation and mediator release.

Main Results:

Exposure to ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and NO2/SO2 mixtures increases airway responsiveness to allergens in asthmatics.
Maximal increase in airway responsiveness observed approximately 24 hours post-exposure.
Pollutant exposure may disrupt airway epithelium and trigger pro-inflammatory mediator release.

Conclusions:

Air pollutants like O3 and NO2 significantly enhance airway responsiveness in asthmatic patients.
The findings suggest a mechanism involving epithelial cell dysfunction and subsequent inflammation.
Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for managing allergic airway diseases in polluted environments.