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Neural signals for command control and feedback in functional neuromuscular stimulation: a review
J A Hoffer1, R B Stein, M K Haugland
1Cleveland FES Center, OH 44106-3052, USA.
Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
|April 1, 1996
Summary
Functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) can utilize natural nerve signals for control, overcoming limitations of external sensors. This approach offers a promising avenue for advanced FNS system development.
Area of Science:
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience
- Rehabilitation Technology
Background:
- Current functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) systems rely on external sensors and switches, presenting challenges like calibration, cosmesis, and durability.
- Artificial implantable sensors face hurdles in biocompatibility and reliability.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore natural sensors as an alternative for feedback and command signals in FNS systems.
- To evaluate the feasibility of using nerve signals for FNS control.
Main Methods:
- Investigated nerve cuff electrodes for recording nerve signals in animal and human studies.
- Compared the utility of electroneurograms (ENMGs) with electromyographic (EMG) signals for FNS control.
- Reviewed animal studies on brain cortical activity for direct FNS control.
Main Results:
- Nerve cuff electrodes have shown feasibility in humans for controlling dorsiflexion and grasp.
- Electromyographic signals, while larger, lack the reliability of nerve signals for indicators like muscle fatigue.
- Animal studies suggest potential for direct FNS control from central nervous system activity.
Conclusions:
- Natural sensors, particularly nerve signals, offer a viable alternative to external sensors in FNS.
- Further research into central nervous system control could revolutionize FNS applications.