Acyclic nucleosides as antiviral compounds

Acyclovir is an effective drug for the treatment of HSV and VZV infections, which after phosphorylation to the triphosphate, inhibits viral DNA polymerase. Acyclovir has low oral bioavailability, therefore prodrugs have been developed, and the L-valyl ester, valaciclovir, recently has been licensed for the treatment of shingles. Ganciclovir is used against CMV, and famciclovir, a lipophilic prodrug of penciclovir, is marketed for shingles. The acyclic nucleoside phosphonates are active against thymidine kinase-resistant viral strains. Promising analogs are PMEA (in clinical trial for the treatment of AIDS) and (S)-HPMPC (good in vivo activity against HSV, VZV, CMV, and EBV). Oligonucleotides incorporating acyclic nucleosides at the 3'-and 5'-ends, or constituted of amino acyclic nucleosides, are resistant to cleavage by nucleases and may be useful in antisense and/or antigene therapy. HEPT is active against HIV-1: It binds in a hydrophic pocket on reverse transcriptase, rather than in the polymerase active site. Some acyclic nucleosides are potent inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase. These compounds may have a therapeutic niche in combination therapy with antiviral and anticancer nucleosides, and in the treatment of diseases involving the T-cell.