Osteoporotic fractures: background and prevention strategies

Area of Science:

• Gerontology
• Endocrinology
• Public Health

Background:

• Osteoporosis is a significant and increasing global health concern.
• International variations in osteoporosis prevalence and fracture incidence are notable.
• Menopause and hypogonadism are key risk factors for osteoporosis in both sexes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To synthesize current knowledge on osteoporosis epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment.
• To specifically address osteoporosis issues related to menopause.
• To inform prevention and treatment strategies for this widespread condition.

Main Methods:

• A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed publications.
• Assessment of existing research on osteoporosis risk factors, diagnosis, and management.
• Evaluation of epidemiological data and clinical practice guidelines.

Main Results:

• Numerous risk factors contribute to osteoporosis, including genetics, lifestyle (nutrition, smoking, alcohol, inactivity), and hormonal imbalances.
• Bone mineral density, bone fragility, and fall risk are critical determinants of fracture.
• Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a preferred method for bone density measurement.
• Estrogen therapy, calcium, and vitamin D can mitigate bone loss, particularly post-menopause.
• Exercise can improve muscle strength and reduce fall risk.

Conclusions:

• Effective prevention of osteoporosis requires multifaceted strategies.
• Early intervention and lifestyle modifications are essential for managing osteoporosis.
• While treatment options exist, prevention remains paramount due to suboptimal outcomes for established disease.
• Estrogen/progestin therapy, calcium, and vitamin D are primary treatments for postmenopausal osteoporosis.