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Malaria diagnosis: a review

S L Avila1, A W Ferreira

  • 1Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.

Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas
|April 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Early malaria diagnosis is crucial for disease control. This review critically examines traditional and novel diagnostic methods, highlighting recent advancements to improve accuracy and efficiency in detecting Plasmodium parasites.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Parasitology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Diagnostic Technologies

Background:

  • Malaria remains a significant global health burden, necessitating effective control strategies.
  • Early diagnosis is a cornerstone of malaria control, aiming to reduce mortality, morbidity, and socioeconomic impact.
  • Traditional thick blood film microscopy, while the gold standard, has limitations in sensitivity and requires skilled personnel.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review existing and emerging malaria diagnostic methods.
  • To compare the advantages and disadvantages of various diagnostic approaches.
  • To emphasize recent technological advancements in malaria detection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of global research on malaria diagnostics.
  • Critical analysis of methods detecting Plasmodia within erythrocytes (e.g., microscopy, QBC, nucleic acid probes).
  • Evaluation of methods detecting Plasmodial antigens and anti-plasmodial antibodies (e.g., immunoassays, Western blotting).

Main Results:

  • Thick blood film microscopy presents challenges in preparation, training, and sensitivity.
  • Numerous alternative methods exist, targeting parasite detection within erythrocytes, antigens in body fluids, or antibodies in serum.
  • Recent advances focus on improving sensitivity, specificity, and ease of use for malaria diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • The development of alternative malaria diagnostic methods is driven by the limitations of traditional techniques.
  • A range of innovative diagnostic tools are available, offering different approaches to parasite detection.
  • Ongoing research and technological advancements are crucial for enhancing malaria control efforts through improved diagnostics.

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