Biological phenotype of HIV type 2 isolates correlates with V3 genotype

The biological phenotype of HIV-2 isolates can be divided into two groups, rapid/high and slow/low, based on the ability to infect CD4+ tumor cell lines. Similar differences in the biological phenotype of HIV-1 isolates are largely determined by the charge of two specific amino acids in the V3 loop of the envelope protein gp120. In this study we have sequenced the V3 loop and flanking regions of 14 HIV-2 isolates from Guinea-Bissau and the Ivory Coast and correlated the results to the biological phenotype of the isolates. The sequences were obtained by PCR amplification of DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with the different isolates, followed by direct sequencing of the amplified products. Eleven other HIV-2 isolates with known V3 sequence and biological phenotype were also included. Thirteen of the 14 new isolates were classified as subtype A of HIV-2 and one as subtype B. The V3 loop of rapid/high HIV-2 isolates differed significantly from slow/low isolates in that it was more heterogeneous in sequence and had higher net charge. Mutations at two specific amino acid positions (313 and 314), often to positively charged amino acids, were also significantly associated with the rapid/high phenotype. There were no sequence differences between rapid/high and slow/low isolates in the regions that flank the V3 loop. Our findings indicate that there may be a high degree of similarity in the molecular features that underlie the biological phenotypes of HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates.