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Drinking water and cancer

R D Morris1

  • 1Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA. morris@post.its.mcw.edu

Environmental Health Perspectives
|November 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary
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Human activity introduces chemicals into drinking water, posing cancer risks. Arsenic and chlorination by-products are primary concerns, necessitating further research for safer water supplies.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Chemicals from human activities contaminate water supplies.
  • Carcinogens in drinking water originate from source contamination, treatment processes, or distribution systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and assess cancer risks associated with contaminants in drinking water.
  • To evaluate the risks posed by specific contaminants like arsenic and chlorination by-products.
  • To highlight areas needing further research for minimizing cancer risks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on chemical contaminants in drinking water.
  • Assessment of cancer risks linked to specific contaminants (e.g., arsenic, chlorination by-products).
  • Identification of knowledge gaps in understanding risks from distribution systems and micropollutants.

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Main Results:

  • Arsenic is strongly linked to liver, lung, bladder, and kidney cancers.
  • Chlorination by-products are associated with increased bladder and rectal cancer risks, potentially causing thousands of cases annually.
  • Water fluoridation shows little to no cancer risk.

Conclusions:

  • Chemicals in drinking water, particularly arsenic and chlorination by-products, present significant cancer risks.
  • Further research is crucial to identify and quantify risks from distribution systems and micropollutants.
  • Development of cost-effective monitoring and intervention strategies is needed to ensure drinking water safety.