Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Guidelines for Lyme borreliosis: treatment.

Infectious diseases now·2025

Same author

Guidelines for tick-borne diseases (excluding Lyme borreliosis): diagnosis and management.

Infectious diseases now·2025

Same author

Genetic background determines behavioral responses during fear conditioning.

Neurobiology of learning and memory·2021

Same author

Intracranial and extracranial efficacy of lorlatinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with second-generation ALK TKIs.

Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology·2021

Same author

The importance of sample size with regard to the robustness of postmortem reference values.

Forensic science international·2020

Same author

SCIENTIFIC STANDARDS. Promoting an open research culture.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2015

Same journal

Tamoxifen-driven neutrophil reprogramming protects from pulmonary Granulibacter bethesdensis infection in chronic granulomatous disease.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology·2026

Same journal

Clinical and transcriptomic characterization of mixed granulocytic COPD phenotype.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology·2026

Same journal

Dupilumab outcomes in pediatric asthma by early eosinophil status: post hoc analysis of VOYAGE/EXCURSION.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology·2026

Same journal

Maternal antibiotic exposure alters the newborn metabolomic profile and increases the risk of respiratory infections in offspring: a 13-year longitudinal birth cohort study.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology·2026

Same journal

Selective Elimination of Mast Cells via Siglec-6-Targeted Nanodelivery of Drug Payload.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology·2026

Same journal

Loss of epidermal miR-149 sensitizes to skin inflammation.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4⁺ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

CD45 isoforms on human CD4+ T-cell subsets

M C Shanafelt¹, H Yssel, C Soderberg

¹Department of Leukocyte Biology, Syntex Research (Roche Bioscience), Palo Alto, California, USA.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

|August 1, 1996

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

CD45 isoforms provide differential costimulatory signals to T cells, with CD45RB being unique. This costimulatory ability does not vary between TH0, TH1, and TH2 T-cell populations, impacting T-cell proliferation.

More Related Videos

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Isolation of CD4⁺ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry

Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 5, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4⁺ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Isolation of CD4⁺ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry

Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 5, 2019

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

Leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), and CD45 isoforms are crucial for T-cell activation and function.
CD4+ T-cell subsets (TH0, TH1, TH2) play distinct roles in adaptive immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the surface expression and functional roles of LFA-1, VLA-4, and CD45 isoforms on human CD4+ T-cell clones.
To determine if CD45 isoforms differentially influence T-cell costimulation and proliferation across TH0, TH1, and TH2 subsets.

Main Methods:

Analysis of surface antigen expression on human CD4+ T-cell clones representing TH0, TH1, and TH2 phenotypes.
Functional assays including solid-phase antibody-induced cellular proliferation to assess costimulatory signals from CD45 isoforms.

Main Results:

No qualitative differences in LFA-1, VLA-4, or CD45 isoform expression were observed among TH0, TH1, and TH2 T-cell clones.
CD45RB was identified as the sole CD45 isoform providing a costimulatory signal in proliferation assays.
Soluble anti-CD45RO and anti-CD45RB antibodies inhibited antigen-induced T-cell proliferation.

Conclusions:

CD45 isoforms exhibit differential capabilities in providing costimulatory signals to T cells.
The costimulatory function of CD45 isoforms is consistent across TH0, TH1, and TH2 T-cell populations.