Mechanism of catecholamine-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells

Catecholamines have been shown to aggravate atherosclerosis in animals and humans, and abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is a key event in the early stage of atherosclerosis. Catecholamines may be involved in such cell growth. Therefore, a series of experiments using cultured VSMC was performed to elucidate their possible mitogenic effect.

We examined the mitogenic effect of catecholamines using rat aortic smooth muscle cells (VSMC) by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation, checking with flow cytometry, and counting the cell number directly. Furthermore, the catecholamine-activated signal transduction pathway was assessed by measurement of the formation of inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, and mitogenic gene expression. Norepinephrine (NE) and phenylephrine stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell growth. Clonidine and isoproterenol showed little of such effects. Prazosin was more effective than either yohimbine or propranolol in suppressing the mitogenic effect of NE, indicating that catecholamine-induced VSMC proliferation is mediated by alpha 1-adrenoceptors. The alpha 1-adrenoceptor activation was coupled to pertussis toxin-insensitive Gq-protein and triggered phosphoinositide hydrolysis with subsequent activation of protein kinase C and MAPK in VSMC. In response to NE, both 42- and 44-kD MAPK were activated and tyrosine was phosphorylated. alpha 1-Adrenoceptor stimulation with NE also caused accumulation of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc mRNA. Chloroethylclonidine completely blocked the alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated mitogenesis.

The effect of catecholamines appears to be mediated via the activation of the chloroethylclonidine-sensitive alpha 1-adrenoceptors that triggers the phosphoinositide hydrolysis and activates the MAPK pathway, leading to DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.