Early determinants of right and left ventricular output in ventilated preterm infants

One hundred and twenty ventilated preterm infants, birthweight < 1500 g, were examined within the first 36 hours with colour Doppler echocardiography, to determine the cardiorespiratory influences on right (RVO) and left ventricular output (LVO). Forty nine of these infants had three further daily scans. Measurements included left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, Doppler determination of RVO and LVO, and ductal and interatrial shunt direction, velocity and colour Doppler diameter. Infants were grouped by respiratory disease severity: mild, mean FIO2 in first 24 hours < 0.5; moderate/severe, mean FIO2 < 0.5; and fatal, death resulting directly from acute respiratory distress. In the early studies ventricular outputs varied widely (RVO: 62-412 ml/kg/minute, LVO: 75-505 ml/kg/minute). The incidence of low ventricular outputs (< 150 ml/kg/minute) increased with worsening respiratory disease. The incidence of low RVO in the mild group was 19%, in the moderate/severe group 42%, and in the fatal group 85%. More infants had a low RVO than a low LVO, reflecting the impact of ductal shunting. Ductal and atrial shunting was predominantly left to right except in those with fatal respiratory disease. In those studied longitudinally, RVO and LVO increased with age and low outputs were not seen after day 3. Multilinear regression analyses, with RVO as the dependent variable, revealed increasing LVO and atrial shunt diameter as significant positive influences and increasing ductal shunt diameter and mean airway pressure as a significant negative influence. With LVO as the dependent variable, increasing RVO, ductal shunt diameter, and age were significant positive influences and increasing atrial shunt diameter was a significant negative influence. Low ventricular outputs are more common with worsening respiratory disease. Mean airway pressure and ductal shunting are two negative influences on ventricular outputs over which there is some therapeutic control.