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A scale for predicting nonphysiological contributions to pain

H F Dirks1, J Wunder, J Reynolds

  • 1Colorado Rehabilitation Institute, Psychometric Designs Inc., Denver, USA.

Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
|January 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary
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The Waddell Equivalency Scale (WES) predicts nonphysiological pain factors in patients, extending Waddell sign assessments beyond low back pain. This allows broader application of behavioral expectations and treatment plans for diverse pain populations.

Area of Science:

  • Pain Management
  • Psychometrics
  • Behavioral Medicine

Background:

  • Waddell signs identify nonphysiological factors in low back pain etiology.
  • These signs aid in predicting nonphysical contributors to pain.
  • This study introduces the Waddell Equivalency Scale (WES) for broader pain site application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Waddell Equivalency Scale (WES).
  • To create a tool for assessing nonphysiological pain factors across various pain sites.
  • To adapt Waddell's methodology for patients beyond those with low back pain.

Main Methods:

  • 150 low back pain patients were assessed for Waddell signs and via the Pain Presentation Inventory (PPI).
  • Statistical analyses (correlation, ANOVA, regression) identified a predictive formula from PPI to Waddell signs.

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  • The study was replicated on a new sample, confirming the formula's reliability.

    • Main Results:

    • The WES score, derived from PPI scales, accurately predicts the number of Waddell signs in low back pain patients.
    • The WES offers a non-physical examination method for assessing these signs.
    • This enables application to patients with pain at sites other than the back.

    Conclusions:

    • The WES facilitates the application of Waddell's approach to diverse pain populations.
    • Behavioral expectations and treatment strategies can be extended to patients with various pain conditions.
    • Further clinical validation is needed to define the WES's utility across different pain groups.