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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Natural Selection and Adaptation01:15

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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity01:25

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Drugs exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with receptors, enzymes, or ion channels that are present throughout the human body. The strength and duration of the interaction between a drug and its target receptor are characterized by the selectivity and specificity of the drug. Selectivity refers to a drug's strong preference for its intended target over other targets. For instance, isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, interacts with both β1- and...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Group selection for adaptation to multiple-hen cages: selection program and direct responses

W M Muir1

  • 1Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.

Poultry Science
|April 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Group selection significantly improved layer hen adaptability and well-being in large cages, drastically reducing mortality rates. This method enhanced survival and egg production, potentially eliminating the need for beak trimming in commercial poultry farming.

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Poultry Genetics
  • Animal Welfare

Background:

  • Intensive poultry farming often involves housing multiple birds in large cages, raising concerns about adaptability and well-being.
  • Traditional selection methods may not adequately address the challenges of group housing, potentially leading to high mortality rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of
  • group selection
  • in improving the adaptability and well-being of White Leghorn layers housed in large, multiple-bird cages.
  • To assess the impact of group selection on mortality, survival rates, and egg production metrics.

Main Methods:

  • A synthetic line of White Leghorns was subjected to group selection from 1982 onwards.
  • Sire families were housed as groups in large cages; families were selected or rejected as a unit.
  • An unselected control line was maintained for comparison, housed in smaller, one-bird cages.

Main Results:

  • Annual mortality in the selected line decreased from 68% (Generation 2) to 8.8% (Generation 6) in multiple-bird cages.
  • Survival rates improved significantly, with days of survival increasing from 169 to 348.
  • Egg production metrics, including eggs per hen per day (EHD) and egg mass (EM), showed substantial increases.

Conclusions:

  • Group selection effectively enhanced the adaptability and well-being of layer hens in large cage systems.
  • The improved survival rates in group-housed birds suggest that beak trimming may become unnecessary.
  • The study demonstrates that group selection can lead to both improved animal welfare and increased profitability in poultry production.