Integrative study in physiology and medicine: obstacles on the road to integration

A recent report of the Long-Range Planning Committee of the American Physiological Society identifies physiology with "integrative biology" and urges that physiologists make their field "a unique branch of biology that deals with synthesis and integration." However, certain institutional, procedural, and psychological obstacles lie in the way of those who would embark upon this task. The hurdles to be overcome include the following: the erroneous belief that biomedical scientists are already integrative; the inapplicability of the powerful methods of areas of specialization to integrative study; the fear of failure; the identification of integrative biology with the study of function; the disregard of hierarchy; the undervaluation of the abstract; and the loss of a sense of mystery. These obstacles, though insidious, pervasive, and powerful, can be surmounted.