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Apoptosis: programmed cell death in fetal development

C Haanen1, I Vermes

  • 1Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.

European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
|January 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Programmed cell death (PCD), also known as apoptosis, is crucial for embryonic development and tissue sculpting. Dysregulation of apoptosis can lead to congenital malformations, offering targets for therapeutic intervention.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Programmed cell death (PCD), often termed apoptosis, is a fundamental biological process essential for embryonic development.
  • Apoptosis involves the regulated elimination of unnecessary or damaged cells, playing a key role in tissue formation and homeostasis.
  • This process is genetically controlled and influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in embryogenesis and its implications for development.
  • To investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing apoptosis during embryonic development.
  • To explore the potential of modulating apoptosis for preventing congenital malformations.

Main Methods:

  • Morphological analysis of embryonic tissues using electron microscopy.

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  • Explantation experiments of embryonic tissue fragments to assess apoptosis regulation.
  • Investigation of the role of growth factors, hormones, and other signaling molecules in controlling apoptosis.

    • Main Results:

    • Apoptosis is extensively observed in developing embryos, contributing to tissue sculpting and organogenesis.
    • Focal apoptosis is regulated by genetic, hormonal, and local tissue factors.
    • Factors like growth factors and estrogens promote cell survival, while androgens and GnRH can induce apoptosis, as seen in ovarian follicle atresia.

    Conclusions:

    • Controlled apoptosis is indispensable for normal embryonic development and the prevention of developmental abnormalities.
    • Interference with apoptosis by viral infections, drugs, or injuries during embryogenesis can result in malformations.
    • Targeting apoptotic pathways presents a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of congenital malformations.