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Methanotrophic bacteria

R S Hanson1, T E Hanson

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. hanso061@maroon.tc.umn.edu

Microbiological Reviews
|June 1, 1996
PubMed
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Methane-utilizing bacteria, or methanotrophs, are diverse microbes critical for oxidizing methane. Their types (I, II, X) have distinct formaldehyde assimilation pathways and environmental preferences, influencing methane cycling and pollutant degradation.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Science
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Methanotrophs are gram-negative bacteria utilizing methane as a carbon and energy source.
  • They are classified into three types (I, II, X) based on formaldehyde assimilation pathways (ribulose monophosphate or serine pathway) and phylogeny within Proteobacteria.
  • Methanotrophs play a crucial role in oxidizing methane, a potent greenhouse gas, in various environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the classification and ecological roles of methane-utilizing bacteria.
  • To highlight the physiological and environmental factors influencing the distribution and activity of different methanotroph types.
  • To discuss the potential of methanotrophs in bioremediation and methane oxidation.

Main Methods:

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  • Classification based on formaldehyde assimilation pathways (ribulose monophosphate vs. serine pathway).
  • Analysis of physiological and morphological features.
  • Ecological niche differentiation based on environmental factors (methane, oxygen, nitrogen, copper levels).

    • Main Results:

    • Type I and X methanotrophs use the ribulose monophosphate pathway (gamma-Proteobacteria).
    • Type II methanotrophs use the serine pathway (beta-Proteobacteria).
    • Environmental conditions dictate the dominance of Type I (methane-limiting, high N/Cu) versus Type II (high methane, low O2, low N/Cu).
    • Methanotrophs act as biofilters for methane oxidation in soils and anaerobic environments.
    • Naturally occurring methanotrophs may represent novel genera with unique methane oxidation kinetics.
    • Some methanotrophs possess soluble methane monooxygenase capable of degrading pollutants like trichloroethylene.

    Conclusions:

    • Methanotrophs are ecologically significant, influencing global methane budgets.
    • Environmental factors and agricultural practices significantly impact methanotroph populations and activities.
    • Further research into uncultured methanotrophs and their enzymatic capabilities is warranted for bioremediation applications.