Nitration of surfactant protein A (SP-A) tyrosine residues results in decreased mannose binding ability

Nitric oxide (.NO) is a signal transducing free radical which can modify oxidant stress by limiting superoxide (O2.-)-mediated injury. However, the product of .NO reaction with O2.-, peroxynitrite (ONOO-), is a potent oxidizing and nitrating agent. Exposure of a mixture containing phosphatidylcholine liposomes and surfactant apoprotein A (SP-A; 10% by weight) to increasing concentrations of .NO, generated by spermine NONOate, and constant O2.- levels, produced by the action of xanthine oxidase on lumazine, suppressed O2.(-)-induced lipid peroxidation in the presence of Fe3(+)- EDTA. On the other hand, an increase in the .NO/O2.- value resulted in nitration of SP-A tyrosine residues, located in the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), and decreased the ability of SP-A to aggregate lipids and bind mannose, two functions that require an intact CRD. SP-A was also nitrated to a large extent following exposure to 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) or tetranitromethane at pH 8. In each case, increased nitrotyrosine content correlated in a monotonic fashion with inhibition of lipid aggregation and mannose binding, correlated with the extent of functional inhibition. Superoxide dismutase (2400 U/ml) and urate (100 microM; nonspecific scavenger of both ONOO- and hydroxyl radical), but not mannitol (50 mM; hydroxyl radical scavenger), prevented the SIN-1-induced injury to SP-A. In contrast, spermine NON-Oate or xanthine oxidase plus lumazine alone neither inhibited SP-A function nor nitrated the protein. These results indicate that at high concentrations, .NO inhibit O2.-induced lipid peroxidation. However, ONOO., formed by the reaction of .NO and O2.-, nitrates SP-A leading to decreased ability to aggregate lipids and bind mannose.