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Expectancy in melody: tests of the implication-realization model

E G Schellenberg¹

¹Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. schelle@uwindsor.ca

|January 1, 1996

Summary

The implication-realization model accurately predicts melodic expectations but is likely over-specified. A simplified model offers similar predictive power across diverse musical styles and listener backgrounds.

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Area of Science:

Music Psychology
Cognitive Science
Computational Musicology

Background:

The implication-realization model posits principles of interval size and pitch direction to explain melodic expectancies.
Previous research has explored tone-to-tone expectancies in music perception.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the predictive accuracy of the implication-realization model for melodic continuations.
To investigate whether a simplified version of the model could achieve similar predictive power.
To assess the model's universality across musical styles and listener demographics.

Main Methods:

Quantified principles of the implication-realization model to predict listener judgments of melodic continuations.
Conducted three experiments with varying musical styles (folk songs, Lieder) and listener groups (training, nationality).
Reanalyzed existing data on sung melodic continuations to provide convergent evidence.

Main Results:

The implication-realization model successfully predicted listener judgments across diverse musical styles and listener groups.
Collinearity among predictors suggested potential over-specification of the original model.
A revised, simplified model demonstrated equivalent predictive power without loss of accuracy.
Convergent evidence from reanalyzed data supported the findings.

Conclusions:

The implication-realization model appears to be over-specified.
A simplified version of the model retains significant predictive power.
The revised model's consistency across tasks, styles, and listeners supports potential universality claims.

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